Why upgrade if PQ signatures are not yet proven? The dirty secret of efforts to upgrade blockchains to post-quantum cryptography is that no one is sure if any of them work. None of the signatures being considered by major blockchains as quantum-resistant upgrades have been 100% proven to work. Until a quantum computer is invented, we won’t know for certain if they can successfully protect against an attack. Some may fall to an attack even before Q Day using existing computer technology. The National Institute of Standards and Technology tested 69 post-quantum candidate algorithms, and two of them — Rainbow and SIKE — were broken with classical computers during testing. The three digital signature schemes it recommends are its best guess as to which ones are most likely to survive a quantum attack. It selected the lattice-based CRYSTALS-Dilithium (ML-DSA) as the primary scheme, another lattice-based scheme called Falcon (FN-DSA) for use cases that demand smaller signatures an...
Light is the essence of visibility, the foundation of perception, and the symbol of knowledge. The concept of "bright" extends beyond mere luminosity—it embodies clarity, intelligence, and optimism. From the radiance of the sun to the spark of an innovative idea, brightness permeates every facet of existence, shaping human experience in profound ways. The Science of Brightness Brightness, in its most fundamental sense, refers to the intensity of light perceived by the human eye. Measured in units such as lumens or candela, it determines how vividly we see the world around us. Natural sources like the sun emit staggering amounts of light, while artificial sources—LEDs, incandescent bulbs, and lasers—mimic this brilliance for human use. The physics of brightness involves wavelengths, reflection, and absorption, dictating why a polished surface appears more radiant than a matte one. Beyond visible light, brightness applies to other spectra. In astronomy, stars are classified b...